Description: Sadmind worm
Name: Sadmind worm
Type: Internet worm
Creator/Author:
Date Discovered: May 8, 2001
Place of Origin: China
Source of Language: Perl, Shell Script
Platform: Solaris, Microsoft IIS
File Type: .sh, .pl, ELF
Infection Length:
Reported Cost:
Description: Nimda
Name: Nimda
Type: Multi-vector worm
Creator/Author:
Date Discovered: September 18, 2001
Place of Origin: China
Source of Language: C++
Platform: MS Windows
File Type:
Infection Length:
Reported Cost:
Description: I LOVE YOU
Name: Love Letter
Type: Computer worm
Creator/Author: Rodel Lequip and Onel de Guzman.
Date Discovered: 5 May 2000Place of Origin: Philippines
Source of Language: VBScript
Platform: Microsoft Windows
File Type:
Infection Length:
Reported Cost: US $5.5 billion
Description: Code Red
Name:Code Red
Type: Server Jamming Worm
Creator/Author:
Date Discovered: July 13, 2001Place of Origin: Makati City, Philippines
Source of Language: Macro
Platform: Microsoft's IIS
File Type:
Infection Length:
Reported Cost:
Description: Slammer
Name: Slammer
Type: Computer Worm
Creator/Author: Irene and Onel de Guzma;Reomel Lamores;Michael Buenafe
Date Discovered: January 25, 2003Place of Origin: China
Source of Language:
Platform: Microsoft SQL
File Type:
Infection Length:
Reported Cost: $750 million.
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Martes, Enero 24, 2012
Martes, Enero 17, 2012
Emoticons
Western
The emoticon in Western style is written most often from left to right as though the head is rotated 90 degrees. Thus, most commonly, one will see the eyes on the left, followed by the nose (often not included) and mouth. Typically, a colon is used for the eyes of a face, unless a wink is to be implied (this would use a semicolon to imply one closed eye). However, an equal sign, a number 8, and a capital letter B are also used interchangeably to refer to normal eyes or those with glasses.| Icon | Meaning |
|---|---|
>:] :-) :) :o) :] :3 :c) :> =] 8) =) :} :^) | Smiley or happy face, a version without colon is common in Russia |
>:D :-D :D 8-D 8D x-D xD X-D XD =-D =D =-3 =3 8-) | Laughing, big grin, laugh with spectacles |
:-)) | Very happy |
>:[ :-( :( :-c :c :-< :< :-[ :[ :{ >.> <.< >.< | Frown, sad |
:-|| | Angry |
D:< D: D8 D; D= DX v.v D-': | Horror, disgust, sadness, great dismay |
>;] ;-) ;) *-) *) ;-] ;] ;D ;^) | Wink, smirk |
>:P :-P :P X-P x-p xp XP :-p :p =p :-Þ :Þ :-b :b | Tongue sticking out, cheeky/playful, blowing a raspberry |
>:o >:O :-O :O °o° °O° :O o_O o_0 o.O 8-0 | Surprise, shock |
>:\ >:/ :-/ :-. :/ :\ =/ =\ :S | Skeptical, annoyed, undecided, uneasy, hesitant |
:| :-| | Straight face disgusted, grim, no expression, indecision, strict |
>:X :-X :X :-# :# :$ | Sealed lips, embarrassed |
O:-) 0:-3 0:3 O:-) O:) 0;^) | Angel, innocent |
>:) >;) >:-) | Evil |
o/\o ^5 >_>^ ^<_< | High five |
|;-) |-O | Cool, bored/yawning |
}:-) }:) | Devilish |
:-& :& | Tongue-tied |
#-) %-) %) | Partied all night, drunk, confused |
:-###.. :###.. | Being sick |
:'-( :'( :'-) :') | Crying, tears of happiness |
<:-| | Dumb, dunce-like |
(-_-) | Secret smile |
ಠ_ಠ | Look of disapproval |
<*)))-{ | Fish, something's fishy |
*\0/* | Cheerleader |
@}-;-'--- @>-->-- | Rose |
~(_8^(I) | Homer Simpson |
5:-) | Elvis Presley |
//0-0\\ | John Lennon |
*<|:-) | Santa Claus |
=:o] | Bill Clinton |
,:-) 7:^] | Ronald Reagan |
Eastern
Eastern emoticons generally don't require tilting the head to read, and with the inclusion of non-Latin characters allow for additional complexity.| Icon | Meaning |
|---|---|
| (>_<) (>_<)> | Troubled |
| (';') | Baby |
| (^^ゞ (^_^;) (-_-;) (~_~;) (・。・; (・_・;) (・・;) ^^; ^_^; (#^.^#) (^ ^;) | Nervous, embarrassed,troubled, shy cold sweat |
| .。o○ ○o。. | Bubbles |
| <コ:彡 | Squid |
| (^。^)y-.。o○ (-。-)y-゜゜゜ | Smoking |
| (-_-)zzz | Sleeping |
| (^_-) (^_-)-☆ | Wink |
| ((+_+)) (+o+) (゜゜) (゜-゜) (゜.゜) (゜_゜) (゜_゜>) (゜レ゜) | Confused |
| (o|o) | |
| <(｀^´)> | |
| (゜o゜) (^_^)/ (^O^)／ (^o^)／ (^^)/ (≧∇≦)/ (^o^)丿 ∩( ・ω・)∩ ( ・ω・) | Joyful |
| (__) _(._.)_ _(_^_)_ <(_ _)> <m(__)m> m(__)m m(_ _)m | Kowtow as a sign of respect, or dogeza for apology |
| (_0_) (*^_^*;) | Sorry |
| (゜゜)～ | Tadpole |
| ( ^^) _U~~ ( ^^) _旦~~ | Cup of tea |
| ☆彡 ☆ミ | Shooting star |
| ＼(゜ロ＼)ココハドコ? (／ロ゜)／アタシハダアレ? | "Where is it?" |
| >゜)))彡 (Q )) ><ヨヨ (゜))<< >゜))))彡 <゜)))彡 >゜))彡 <+ ))><< <*)) >=< | Fish |
| ('_') (/_;) (T_T) (;_;) (;_; (;_:) (;O;) (:_;) (ToT) (Ｔ▽Ｔ) | Sad, crying |
| (ー_ー)!! (-.-) (-_-) ( 一一) (；一_一) | |
| Ｃ:。ミ | Octopus |
| (=_=) | Tired |
| ~>゜)～～～ | Snake |
| ～゜・_・゜～ | Bat |
| (=^・^=) (=^・・^=) =^_^= | Cat |
| (..) (._.) | Looking down |
| ^m^ | |
| (・・? (?_?) | |
| (^o^;>) | "Pardon!" |
| >^_^< <^!^> ^/^ （*^_^*） §^。^§ (^<^) (^.^) (^ム^) (^・^) (^。^) (^_^.) (^_^) (^^) (^J^) (*^。^*) ^_^ (#^.^#) （＾－＾） | Normal laugh |
| (^^)/~~~ (^_^)/~ (;_;)/~~~ (^.^)/~~~ ($・・)/~~~ (@^^)/~~~ (T_T)/~~~ (ToT)/~~~ | |
| ●～* | Bomb |
| (V)o￥o(V) | |
| ＼(~o~)／ ＼(^o^)／ ＼(-o-)／ ヽ(^。^)ノ ヽ(^o^)丿 (*^0^*) | Excited |
| (*_*) (*_*; (+_+) (@_@) (@_@。 (＠_＠;) ＼(◎o◎)／！ | |
| (-_-)/~~~ピシー!ピシー! | |
| !(^^)! | |
| (*^^)v (^^)v (^_^)v (＾▽＾) （・∀・） （ ´∀｀） （⌒▽⌒） （＾ｖ＾） （’-’*) | Laughing, normal laugh |
| (~o~) (~_~) | |
| (^^ゞ | |
| (p_-) | |
| (-"-) (ーー゛) (^_^メ) (-_-メ) (｀´） (~_~メ) (－－〆) (・へ・) <`～´> <`ヘ´> (ーー;) | Worried |
| (^0_0^) | Eyeglasses |
| ( ..)φメモメモ φ(..)メモメモ | |
| :-P :-O |:3ミ :-> 8-< :-) :-< :( :-( :) :| :-| | |
| （●＾o＾●） （＾ｖ＾） （＾ｕ＾） （＾◇＾） ( ^)o(^ ) (^O^) (^o^) (^○^) )^o^( (*^▽^*) | Happy |
| （￣ー￣） | Grinning |
| （￣□￣；） | Surprised |
| （*´▽｀*） (*°∀°)=3 | Infatuation |
| （ ﾟ Дﾟ） （゜◇゜） | Shocked, surprised |
| (*￣m￣) | Dissatisfied |
| ヽ（´ー｀）┌ | Mellow |
| (´･ω･`) (‘A`) | Snubbed or deflated |
| (*^3^)/~☆ | Blowing a kiss |
| .....φ(・∀・＊) | Studying is good |
| キタ━━━(゜∀゜)━━━!!!!! | "It's here", Kitaa!, a general expression of excitement that something has appeared or happened or "I came". |
| ＿|￣|○ STO OTZ OTL ORZ | Despair. The "O" or "o" represents one's head on the ground, "T" forms the torso and "S" or "Z" forms the legs. |
Unicode characters
Some emoticons are included in the Unicode standard, three in the Miscellaneous Symbols block, and over sixty in the Emoticons block.| Miscellaneous Symbols (partial)[1] Unicode.org chart (PDF) | ||||||||||||||||
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F | |
| U+263x | ☰ | ☱ | ☲ | ☳ | ☴ | ☵ | ☶ | ☷ | ☸ | ☹ | ☺ | ☻ | ☼ | ☽ | ☾ | ☿ |
Notes
| ||||||||||||||||
| Emoticons[1] Unicode.org chart (PDF) | ||||||||||||||||
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F | |
| U+1F60x | 😁 | 😂 | 😃 | 😄 | 😅 | 😆 | 😇 | 😈 | 😉 | 😊 | 😋 | 😌 | 😍 | 😎 | 😏 | |
| U+1F61x | 😐 | 😒 | 😓 | 😔 | 😖 | 😘 | 😚 | 😜 | 😝 | 😞 | ||||||
| U+1F62x | 😠 | 😡 | 😢 | 😣 | 😤 | 😥 | 😨 | 😩 | 😪 | 😫 | 😭 | |||||
| U+1F63x | 😰 | 😱 | 😲 | 😳 | 😵 | 😶 | 😷 | 😸 | 😹 | 😺 | 😻 | 😼 | 😽 | 😾 | 😿 | |
| U+1F64x | 🙀 | 🙅 | 🙆 | 🙇 | 🙈 | 🙉 | 🙊 | 🙋 | 🙌 | 🙍 | 🙎 | 🙏 | ||||
Notes
| ||||||||||||||||
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Paul H. Gil (2009 June). "Emoticons and Smileys 101". http://netforbeginners.about.com/cs/netiquette101/a/bl_emoticons101.htm. Retrieved 2009-08-02.
- ^ a b c d e f g h "Yahoo messenger emoticons". http://messenger.yahoo.com/features/emoticons. Retrieved 2009-08-02.
- ^ a b c d e "MSN messenger emoticons". http://messenger.msn.com/Resource/Emoticons.aspx. Retrieved 2009-08-02.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Opdenakker, Raymond. "Advantages and Disadvantages of Four Interview Techniques in Qualitative Research". FQS (Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research) 7 (4): 6. http://www.qualitative-research.net/index.php/fqs/article/view/175. Retrieved December 29, 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Orlowski, Andrew (January 27, 2006). "Cingular applies to patent smileys". The Register. http://www.theregister.co.uk/2006/01/27/cingular_emoticon_patent/print.html. Retrieved December 27, 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Williams, Alex (July 29, 2007). "(-: Just Between You and Me ;-)". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/29/fashion/29emoticon.html?adxnnl=1&adxnnlx=1324977377-s6dQBUnsujZZFqGXwcwCjA. Retrieved December 27, 2011.
- ^ "Net For Beginners". http://netforbeginners.about.com/cs/netiquette101/a/bl_emoticons101_5.htm. Retrieved 2011-02-08.
- ^ Ulanoff, Lance (September 13, 2007). "The Smiley Emoticon Turns 25". PC Magazine. http://appscout.pcmag.com/e-mail/276611-the-smiley-emoticon-turns-25. Retrieved December 27, 2011.
- ^ Bellamy, Seamus (December 8, 2011). "Browser Extension of the Week: Look of Disapproval". Maximum PC. http://www.maximumpc.com/article/features/browser_extension_week_look_disapproval. Retrieved December 30, 2011.
- ^ a b c Kent, Peter (2001). The Complete Idiot's Guide to the Internet. Indianapolis, IN: Penguin Books. p. 112. ISBN 0789725231. http://books.google.com/books?id=zquOXulD67IC&pg=PA112&dq=emoticons#v=onepage&q=emoticons&f=false. Retrieved December 27, 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as "List of emoticons". http://office.microsoft.com/ja-jp/support/HA010103000.aspx. Retrieved December 17, 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q "List of emoticons commonly used in e-mail". June 21, 2006. http://ranking.goo.ne.jp/ranking/092/facemark. Retrieved December 24, 2011.
- ^ a b Markman, Kris M.; Oshima, Sae (October 18, 2007). "Pragmatic Play? Some Possible Functions of English Emoticons and Japanese Kaomoji in Computer-Mediated Discourse" (PDF). Association of Internet Researchers Annual Conference 8.0: Let's Play!. pp. 12,13. http://umdrive.memphis.edu/kmmrkman/www/AoIR8MarkmanOshimaFinalDraft.pdf.
Martes, Enero 10, 2012
Layers of Protocol
What is a Cloud Application
Cloud applications are a sort of hybrid between traditional desktop applications and traditional web applications. They offer the benefits of both of these types of software without many of the drawbacks. Like desktop apps, cloud applications can offer a rich user experience, immediate response to user actions, and offline mode. Like web apps, cloud applications do not need to be installed on a computer and can be updated at any time simply by uploading a new version to your web server. They also store their data in the cloud - offsite under your control.To write effective SproutCore code, its important for you to understand the differences between web applications, desktop applications, and cloud applications.
Behold the Web App
Traditional web applications are designed to run on a server. Both the app business logic and user data lives "in the cloud". Sure you may move some of these bits temporarily to the web browser via Ajax, but for the most part the heavy lifting is done in the cloud.
From this point of view, tools like GWT actually make a lot of sense. You spend most of your time thinking about what's happening in the server. It's both annoying and difficult to switch over and think about styling HTML and hacking JavaScript on the client.
Using Java for both sides allows you to think more abstractly about your business logic and let the client take care of itself. Logical.
The drawback here is that all of your important business logic potentially happens many thousands of miles away from your user. This necessarily limits your ability to provide rich interaction, immediate feedback, or to work offline.
Even apps like Gmail, which are blazingly fast for web apps, have a generally slower pace than something like a native Outlook client because of these limitations of the web.
And Also the Desktop
Traditional desktop applications, on the other hand, work completely the opposite way. In many desktop apps, there is no cloud. All of your application data and business logic lives on the client.
This is the world in which Cocoa, .Net, Java Swing and the various desktop frameworks were written. Everything is local. Always there. You can provide rich interaction, immediate feedback, and, of course, working while on an airplane is no problem.
Of course, the desktop approach has a lot of drawbacks. It's not very portable for one. Also, in a world where connectedness and the communication are central to just about everything, it takes a lot of code to build a great desktop app that works well with a cloud-based service.
About those Client-Sever apps. A particular type of desktop app is a traditional "thick" client server app like Outlook or Lotus Notes. These apps basically fall into the Desktop category. Although they have the added benefit of storing their data in the cloud, they share all the other benefits and drawbacks of a desktop app.
If the Web App and a Desktop App Had a Baby...
Now enter the Cloud Application. Cloud apps blend parts of the web and desktop worlds to create something new. Like the web app, your data lives in the cloud. Like the desktop app, your business logic downloads to the web browser and lives there instead.
With this approach you really get the best of both worlds. Your app is easily accessible to anyone with a web browser. It's really easy and natural to write cloud-centric tools.
Yet at the same time, all of your interaction happens right there next to the client. Although you can't entirely hide the fact that you are running over the Internet, most of the time you can easily provide rich interactions and immediate feedback.
With this design, of course, it is also easy to cache the user's data locally, enabling full offline mode without any kind of hackery.
One other benefit of this model is that it means you can make your server much smaller and simpler. Mostly your server needs to process data efficiently and return results as quickly as possible. As with any service exposed to the internet, you need to also make sure your server is secure - authenticating requests and validating data. But the overall task is much simpler. And best of all, better suited to the kinds of things server frameworks are naturally good at.
Cloud apps clearly offer a superior user experience to traditional web apps. They have largely only become feasible for broad internet use in the last few years though, which is you'll see a lot more of them coming along soon.
Martes, Disyembre 13, 2011
Internet Jargons
Internet Jargon, lingo and acronyms explained
Applet:
A small Java program that can be embedded in an HTML page. An applet can only make an Internet connection to the computer from which the applet was sent.
Archie:
A tool for finding files stored on anonymous FTP sites.
ARPANet (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network):
The precursor to the Internet. Developed in the late 60's and early 70's by the US Department of Defense as an experiment in wide-area-networking that would survive a nuclear war.
ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange):
This is the worldwide standard for the code numbers used by computers to represent all the upper and lower-case Latin letters, numbers, and punctuation. There are 128 standard ASCII codes, each of which is a 7 digit binary number.
Attachments:
Computer files that accompany the message portion of your e-mail.
Bandwidth:
The amount of data which can be sent through a connection, usually measured in bits-per-second. A full page of English text is about 16,000 bits, and a fast modem can move about 56,000 bits in one second. Full-motion full-screen video would require roughly 10,000,000 bits-per-second, depending on compression.
Bit (Binary Digit):
The smallest unit of computerized data.
Bps (Bits-Per-Second):
A measurement of the speed with which data is moved from one location to another.
Bookmark:
A place holder you can use to track pages you have visited on the Web.
Boolean Search:
A keyword search that uses Boolean Operators (i.e. AND, OR, NOT and NEAR).
Browser:
Software program with a user friendly interface allowing easy navigation of the Internet (i.e. Netscape or Internet Explorer).
Byte:
A set of Bits (usually 8) that represent a single character.
CGI (Common Gateway Interface):
Usually a CGI program is a small program that takes data from a web server and modifies it, i.e. converting a form into an e-mail message, or turning a keyword into a database query. A CGI program is being used if "CGI-bin" appears in the URL.
CGI-bin:
The directory on a web server in which CGI programs are stored.
Client:
Any PC on a network that connects to an Internet application or to data residing on a server.
Cookies:
Cookies store information about visitors to websites - this data (i.e. user name, password and which parts of the site were used) is updated with every visit.
Cyberspace:
The metaphysical environment of the Internet.
Directory Search:
Hierarchical search that begins with a general heading and proceeds through selections of increasingly more specific information.
Domain Name:
The unique name that identifies an Internet site. Domain Names always have 2 or more parts separated by dots (i.e. iod.co.uk). The part on the left is the most specific, and the part on the right is the most general.
Download:
To copy a file or program from a host computer "down" to your computer. The opposite of download is upload, which means to copy a file from your computer "up" to the host computer.
E-mail (Electronic Mail):
Messages, usually text, sent from one person to another via computer.
False Drops:
Documents which are retrieved by an Internet search but are not relevant to the user's interest.
FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions):
FAQs are Internet documents which list and answer the most common questions on a particular subject.
Fire Wall:
A combination of hardware and software which separates a LAN into two or more parts for security purposes.
FTP (File Transfer Protocol):
A very common method of moving files between two Internet sites. There are many Internet sites that have established publicly accessible repositories of material that can be obtained by FTP login using the account name anonymous. These sites are termed anonymous ftp servers.
Gateway:
A hardware or software set-up translating between two dissimilar protocols, for example an internal e-mail format and Internet e-mail.
GIF (Graphic Interchange Format):
A common format for image files, especially suitable for simple images containing large areas of the same colour.
Gigabyte:
1000 megabytes.
Gopher:
A system of clients and servers that provides a menu system for navigating the Internet. Although Gopher spread rapidly across the globe in only a couple of years, it has been largely supplanted by Hypertext.
History:
A browser list of previously visited Web pages, which makes for easy recall.
Hit:
A single request from a web browser for a single item from a web server. In order for a web browser to display a page that contains 3 graphics, 4 "hits" would occur at the server: 1 for the HTML page, and one for each of the 3 graphics. "hits" are often used as a very rough measure of load on a server.
Home Page (or Homepage):
The web page your browser defaults to when it starts up, or the main web page within a site.
HTML (HyperText Markup Language):
The programming language which is used to create Web pages. HTML files are designed to be viewed using a World Wide Web Client Program such as Microsoft Internet Explorer.
HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol):
The protocol for moving hypertext files across the Internet. Requires a HTTP client program on one end and an HTTP server program on the other. HTTP is the most important protocol used in the World Wide Web (WWW).
Hypertext:
Text that contains links to other documents - words or phrases which can be chosen by a user in order for another document to be retrieved and displayed. Graphics can also be hypertext "links".
Internet (Upper case I):
A worldwide network of millions of computers and servers using phone system technology to carry information from one place to another.
Intranet:
A private network inside a company or organization which runs on the same kinds of software as that found on the Internet, but which is only for internal use.
IP Number (Internet Protocol Number):
Sometimes called a dotted quad. A unique number consisting of 4 parts separated by dots, e.g. 165.113.245.2. Every machine on the Internet possesses a unique IP number.
IRC (Internet Relay Chat):
A multi-user real-time chat facility. There are a number of major IRC servers around the world which are linked to each other. Anyone can create a channel and anything typed in a given channel is seen by all users of that channel.
ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network):
A way to move more data over existing phone lines. It can provide speeds of roughly 128,000 bits-per-second, though in practice most people will be limited to 56,000 or 64,000 bits-per-second.
ISP (Internet Service Provider):
An institution that provides access to the Internet in some form, usually for money.
Java:
Using small Java programs (called "Applets"), Web pages can include functions such as animations, calculators, and other fancy tricks. Java is specifically designed for writing programs that can be safely downloaded to your computer through the Internet and immediately run without fear of viruses or other harm to your computer or files.
JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group):
A format for image files, preferred to the GIF format for more complex images such as photos.
Kilobyte:
A thousand bytes.
LAN (Local Area Network):
A computer network limited to the immediate area, usually the same building or floor of a building.
Leased-line:
A phone line rented for 24-hour connectivity from your location to another location. The highest speed data connections require a leased line.
Link:
A connection between text or pictures on one Web page and another Web page. In a typical Web page, text links are shown in a different colour text and/or are underlined. When you click a link on a Web page, you go immediately to the Web page specified by that link.
Login:
The account name used to gain access to a computer system, or the act of entering a computer system.
Megabyte:
A million bytes.
MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions):
The standard for attaching non-text files to standard Internet mail messages. Non-text files include graphics, spreadsheets, formatted word-processor documents, and sound files. The MIME standard specifies the type of file being sent, and the method that should be used to turn it back into its original form.
Modem (MOdulator, DEModulator):
A device connected to a computer and a phone line, allowing the computer to connect to a network through the phone system.
MPEG:
A graphic format for creating and displaying full-motion video clips.
Multi-engine search:
A search tool which uses a number of search engines in parallel to provide a response to a query.
Newbies:
Internet beginners.
Newsgroup:
The name for discussion groups on USENET.
Newsreader:
A program used to read and post articles to a newsgroup.
NNTP (Network News Transport Protocol):
The protocol used to carry newsgroup postings back and forth over a TCP/IP network.
Node:
Any single computer connected to a network.
Operator:
A rule or specific instruction used in composing a query for a search engine.
Packet Switching:
The method used to move data around on the Internet using TCP/IP. The data leaving a machine is broken up into chunks, and each chunk carries the address of where it came from and where it is going. This enables chunks of data from various sources to co-mingle on the same lines en route to different destinations.
Password:
A code used to gain access to a locked system.
Plug-in:
A small piece of software which adds features to a larger piece of software. Common examples are plug-ins for the Netscape browser and web server. A small piece of software is loaded into memory by the larger program to add a new feature, and users need only install the few plug-ins that they need out of a much larger pool of possibilities.
POP (Point of Presence, also Post Office Protocol):
A Point of Presence usually means a city or location where a network can be connected. If an Internet company announces that they will soon have a POP in Belgrade, it means that they will soon have a local phone number in Belgrade and/or a place where leased lines can connect to their network. Post Office Protocol refers to the way e-mail software such as Eudora gets mail from a mail server. It is your POP account (not your e-mail address) that e-mail software must access in order to retrieve your mail.
Port:
Every service on an Internet server listens on a particular port number on that server. Most services have standard port numbers, e.g. Web servers normally listen on port 80.
Posting:
A single message entered into a network communications system, i.e. posted to a newsgroup or message board.
Query:
A search request combining words and symbols to define the information the user is seeking.
Ranking:
A means of listing hits retrieved from an Internet search in order of relevance.
Real-time:
Live (communication over the Internet).
RFC (Request For Comments):
The process for creating a standard on the Internet New standards are proposed and published on line, as Requests For Comments.
Robot:
The software for indexing and updating websites, which operates by scanning documents on the Internet via a network of links. Also known as spiders and crawlers.
Search Engine:
A program that searches Web pages for words, phrases, or concepts requested by the user.
Search Tool:
A computer program which conducts searches on the World Wide Web.
Server:
The computer with the primary file storage and processing capabilities for a network.
SMTP (Simple Mail Transport Protocol):
The main protocol used to send electronic mail on the Internet
TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol):
The suite of protocols that defines the Internet Originally designed for the UNIX operating system, TCP/IP software is now available for every major kind of computer operating system. To be truly on the Internet, your computer must have TCP/IP software.
Telnet:
The command and program used to login from one Internet site to another. The Telnet command/program gets you to the login: prompt of another host.
Terabytes:
1000 gigabytes.
Terminal:
A device that allows you to send commands to a computer located elsewhere. At a minimum, this usually means a keyboard and a display screen and some simple circuitry. Usually you will use terminal software in a personal computer - the software emulates a physical terminal.
UNIX:
A computer operating system. The most common operating system for servers on the Internet, UNIX is designed to be used by many people at the same time and has TCP/IP built-in.
URL (Uniform Resource Locator):
The standard way to give the address of any resource on the Internet which is part of the World Wide Web. The most common way to use a URL is to enter into a WWW browser program such as Microsoft Internet Explorer.
USENET:
A worldwide system of discussion groups, or newsgroups, with comments passed among hundreds of thousands of machines.
Veronica (Very Easy Rodent Oriented Net-wide Index to Computerized Archives):
Veronica is a constantly updated database of almost every menu item on thousands of gopher servers. The Veronica database can be searched from most major gopher menus.
WAIS (Wide Area Information Servers):
A commercial software package that allows the indexing of huge quantities of information and makes these indices searchable across networks such as the Internet Search results are ranked according to how relevant the hits are, and subsequent searches can refine the search process.
WAN (Wide Area Network):
Any Internet or network that covers an area larger than a single building or campus.
WWW (World Wide Web):
The graphical segment of the Internet, which is made up of millions of Web pages on servers all over the world. Each page has an address called a URL and contains links that you click to go to other Web pages.
A small Java program that can be embedded in an HTML page. An applet can only make an Internet connection to the computer from which the applet was sent.
Archie:
A tool for finding files stored on anonymous FTP sites.
ARPANet (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network):
The precursor to the Internet. Developed in the late 60's and early 70's by the US Department of Defense as an experiment in wide-area-networking that would survive a nuclear war.
ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange):
This is the worldwide standard for the code numbers used by computers to represent all the upper and lower-case Latin letters, numbers, and punctuation. There are 128 standard ASCII codes, each of which is a 7 digit binary number.
Attachments:
Computer files that accompany the message portion of your e-mail.
Bandwidth:
The amount of data which can be sent through a connection, usually measured in bits-per-second. A full page of English text is about 16,000 bits, and a fast modem can move about 56,000 bits in one second. Full-motion full-screen video would require roughly 10,000,000 bits-per-second, depending on compression.
Bit (Binary Digit):
The smallest unit of computerized data.
Bps (Bits-Per-Second):
A measurement of the speed with which data is moved from one location to another.
Bookmark:
A place holder you can use to track pages you have visited on the Web.
Boolean Search:
A keyword search that uses Boolean Operators (i.e. AND, OR, NOT and NEAR).
Browser:
Software program with a user friendly interface allowing easy navigation of the Internet (i.e. Netscape or Internet Explorer).
Byte:
A set of Bits (usually 8) that represent a single character.
CGI (Common Gateway Interface):
Usually a CGI program is a small program that takes data from a web server and modifies it, i.e. converting a form into an e-mail message, or turning a keyword into a database query. A CGI program is being used if "CGI-bin" appears in the URL.
CGI-bin:
The directory on a web server in which CGI programs are stored.
Client:
Any PC on a network that connects to an Internet application or to data residing on a server.
Cookies:
Cookies store information about visitors to websites - this data (i.e. user name, password and which parts of the site were used) is updated with every visit.
Cyberspace:
The metaphysical environment of the Internet.
Directory Search:
Hierarchical search that begins with a general heading and proceeds through selections of increasingly more specific information.
Domain Name:
The unique name that identifies an Internet site. Domain Names always have 2 or more parts separated by dots (i.e. iod.co.uk). The part on the left is the most specific, and the part on the right is the most general.
Download:
To copy a file or program from a host computer "down" to your computer. The opposite of download is upload, which means to copy a file from your computer "up" to the host computer.
E-mail (Electronic Mail):
Messages, usually text, sent from one person to another via computer.
False Drops:
Documents which are retrieved by an Internet search but are not relevant to the user's interest.
FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions):
FAQs are Internet documents which list and answer the most common questions on a particular subject.
Fire Wall:
A combination of hardware and software which separates a LAN into two or more parts for security purposes.
FTP (File Transfer Protocol):
A very common method of moving files between two Internet sites. There are many Internet sites that have established publicly accessible repositories of material that can be obtained by FTP login using the account name anonymous. These sites are termed anonymous ftp servers.
Gateway:
A hardware or software set-up translating between two dissimilar protocols, for example an internal e-mail format and Internet e-mail.
GIF (Graphic Interchange Format):
A common format for image files, especially suitable for simple images containing large areas of the same colour.
Gigabyte:
1000 megabytes.
Gopher:
A system of clients and servers that provides a menu system for navigating the Internet. Although Gopher spread rapidly across the globe in only a couple of years, it has been largely supplanted by Hypertext.
History:
A browser list of previously visited Web pages, which makes for easy recall.
Hit:
A single request from a web browser for a single item from a web server. In order for a web browser to display a page that contains 3 graphics, 4 "hits" would occur at the server: 1 for the HTML page, and one for each of the 3 graphics. "hits" are often used as a very rough measure of load on a server.
Home Page (or Homepage):
The web page your browser defaults to when it starts up, or the main web page within a site.
HTML (HyperText Markup Language):
The programming language which is used to create Web pages. HTML files are designed to be viewed using a World Wide Web Client Program such as Microsoft Internet Explorer.
HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol):
The protocol for moving hypertext files across the Internet. Requires a HTTP client program on one end and an HTTP server program on the other. HTTP is the most important protocol used in the World Wide Web (WWW).
Hypertext:
Text that contains links to other documents - words or phrases which can be chosen by a user in order for another document to be retrieved and displayed. Graphics can also be hypertext "links".
Internet (Upper case I):
A worldwide network of millions of computers and servers using phone system technology to carry information from one place to another.
Intranet:
A private network inside a company or organization which runs on the same kinds of software as that found on the Internet, but which is only for internal use.
IP Number (Internet Protocol Number):
Sometimes called a dotted quad. A unique number consisting of 4 parts separated by dots, e.g. 165.113.245.2. Every machine on the Internet possesses a unique IP number.
IRC (Internet Relay Chat):
A multi-user real-time chat facility. There are a number of major IRC servers around the world which are linked to each other. Anyone can create a channel and anything typed in a given channel is seen by all users of that channel.
ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network):
A way to move more data over existing phone lines. It can provide speeds of roughly 128,000 bits-per-second, though in practice most people will be limited to 56,000 or 64,000 bits-per-second.
ISP (Internet Service Provider):
An institution that provides access to the Internet in some form, usually for money.
Java:
Using small Java programs (called "Applets"), Web pages can include functions such as animations, calculators, and other fancy tricks. Java is specifically designed for writing programs that can be safely downloaded to your computer through the Internet and immediately run without fear of viruses or other harm to your computer or files.
JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group):
A format for image files, preferred to the GIF format for more complex images such as photos.
Kilobyte:
A thousand bytes.
LAN (Local Area Network):
A computer network limited to the immediate area, usually the same building or floor of a building.
Leased-line:
A phone line rented for 24-hour connectivity from your location to another location. The highest speed data connections require a leased line.
Link:
A connection between text or pictures on one Web page and another Web page. In a typical Web page, text links are shown in a different colour text and/or are underlined. When you click a link on a Web page, you go immediately to the Web page specified by that link.
Login:
The account name used to gain access to a computer system, or the act of entering a computer system.
Megabyte:
A million bytes.
MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions):
The standard for attaching non-text files to standard Internet mail messages. Non-text files include graphics, spreadsheets, formatted word-processor documents, and sound files. The MIME standard specifies the type of file being sent, and the method that should be used to turn it back into its original form.
Modem (MOdulator, DEModulator):
A device connected to a computer and a phone line, allowing the computer to connect to a network through the phone system.
MPEG:
A graphic format for creating and displaying full-motion video clips.
Multi-engine search:
A search tool which uses a number of search engines in parallel to provide a response to a query.
Newbies:
Internet beginners.
Newsgroup:
The name for discussion groups on USENET.
Newsreader:
A program used to read and post articles to a newsgroup.
NNTP (Network News Transport Protocol):
The protocol used to carry newsgroup postings back and forth over a TCP/IP network.
Node:
Any single computer connected to a network.
Operator:
A rule or specific instruction used in composing a query for a search engine.
Packet Switching:
The method used to move data around on the Internet using TCP/IP. The data leaving a machine is broken up into chunks, and each chunk carries the address of where it came from and where it is going. This enables chunks of data from various sources to co-mingle on the same lines en route to different destinations.
Password:
A code used to gain access to a locked system.
Plug-in:
A small piece of software which adds features to a larger piece of software. Common examples are plug-ins for the Netscape browser and web server. A small piece of software is loaded into memory by the larger program to add a new feature, and users need only install the few plug-ins that they need out of a much larger pool of possibilities.
POP (Point of Presence, also Post Office Protocol):
A Point of Presence usually means a city or location where a network can be connected. If an Internet company announces that they will soon have a POP in Belgrade, it means that they will soon have a local phone number in Belgrade and/or a place where leased lines can connect to their network. Post Office Protocol refers to the way e-mail software such as Eudora gets mail from a mail server. It is your POP account (not your e-mail address) that e-mail software must access in order to retrieve your mail.
Port:
Every service on an Internet server listens on a particular port number on that server. Most services have standard port numbers, e.g. Web servers normally listen on port 80.
Posting:
A single message entered into a network communications system, i.e. posted to a newsgroup or message board.
Query:
A search request combining words and symbols to define the information the user is seeking.
Ranking:
A means of listing hits retrieved from an Internet search in order of relevance.
Real-time:
Live (communication over the Internet).
RFC (Request For Comments):
The process for creating a standard on the Internet New standards are proposed and published on line, as Requests For Comments.
Robot:
The software for indexing and updating websites, which operates by scanning documents on the Internet via a network of links. Also known as spiders and crawlers.
Search Engine:
A program that searches Web pages for words, phrases, or concepts requested by the user.
Search Tool:
A computer program which conducts searches on the World Wide Web.
Server:
The computer with the primary file storage and processing capabilities for a network.
SMTP (Simple Mail Transport Protocol):
The main protocol used to send electronic mail on the Internet
TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol):
The suite of protocols that defines the Internet Originally designed for the UNIX operating system, TCP/IP software is now available for every major kind of computer operating system. To be truly on the Internet, your computer must have TCP/IP software.
Telnet:
The command and program used to login from one Internet site to another. The Telnet command/program gets you to the login: prompt of another host.
Terabytes:
1000 gigabytes.
Terminal:
A device that allows you to send commands to a computer located elsewhere. At a minimum, this usually means a keyboard and a display screen and some simple circuitry. Usually you will use terminal software in a personal computer - the software emulates a physical terminal.
UNIX:
A computer operating system. The most common operating system for servers on the Internet, UNIX is designed to be used by many people at the same time and has TCP/IP built-in.
URL (Uniform Resource Locator):
The standard way to give the address of any resource on the Internet which is part of the World Wide Web. The most common way to use a URL is to enter into a WWW browser program such as Microsoft Internet Explorer.
USENET:
A worldwide system of discussion groups, or newsgroups, with comments passed among hundreds of thousands of machines.
Veronica (Very Easy Rodent Oriented Net-wide Index to Computerized Archives):
Veronica is a constantly updated database of almost every menu item on thousands of gopher servers. The Veronica database can be searched from most major gopher menus.
WAIS (Wide Area Information Servers):
A commercial software package that allows the indexing of huge quantities of information and makes these indices searchable across networks such as the Internet Search results are ranked according to how relevant the hits are, and subsequent searches can refine the search process.
WAN (Wide Area Network):
Any Internet or network that covers an area larger than a single building or campus.
WWW (World Wide Web):
The graphical segment of the Internet, which is made up of millions of Web pages on servers all over the world. Each page has an address called a URL and contains links that you click to go to other Web pages.
Lunes, Nobyembre 28, 2011
History of Internet
 |
| J.C.R. Licklider |
The Internet was the result of some visionary thinking by people in the early 1960s who saw great potential value in allowing computers to share information on research and development in scientific and military fields. J.C.R. Licklider of MIT, first proposed a global network of computers in 1962, and moved over to the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) in late 1962 to head the work to develop it. Leonard Kleinrock of MIT and later UCLA developed the theory of packet switching, which was to form the basis of Internet connections. Lawrence Roberts of MIT connected a Massachusetts computer with a California computer in 1965 over dial-up telephone lines. It showed the feasibility of wide area networking, but also showed that the telephone line's circuit switching was inadequate. Kleinrock's packet switching theory was confirmed. Roberts moved over to DARPA in 1966 and developed his plan for ARPANET. These visionaries and many more left unnamed here are the real founders of the Internet.
 |
| Senator Ted Kennedy |
When the late Senator Ted Kennedy heard in 1968 that the pioneering Massachusetts
company BBN had won the ARPA contract for an "interface message processor (IMP)," he sent a congratulatory telegram to BBN for their ecumenical spirit in winning the "interfaith message processor" contract.
The Internet, then known as ARPANET, was brought online in 1969 under a contract let by the renamed Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) which initially connected four major computers at universities in the southwestern US (UCLA, Stanford Research Institute, UCSB, and the University of Utah). The contract was carried out by BBN of Cambridge, MA under Bob Kahn and went online in December 1969. By June 1970, MIT, Harvard, BBN, and Systems Development Corp (SDC) in Santa Monica, Cal. were added. By January 1971, Stanford, MIT's Lincoln Labs, Carnegie-Mellon, and Case-Western Reserve U were added. In months to come, NASA/Ames, Mitre, Burroughs, RAND, and the U of Illinois plugged in. After that, there were far too many to keep listing here.
 |
| Charley Kline |
Charley Kline at UCLA sent the first packets on ARPANet as he tried to connect to Stanford Research Institute on Oct 29, 1969. The system crashed as he reached the G in LOGIN!
The Internet was designed in part to provide a communications network that would work even if some of the sites were destroyed by nuclear attack. If the most direct route was not available, routers would direct traffic around the network via alternate routes.
The early Internet was used by computer experts, engineers, scientists, and librarians. There was nothing friendly about it. There were no home or office personal computers in those days, and anyone who used it, whether a computer professional or an engineer or scientist or librarian, had to learn to use a very complex system.
Did Al Gore invent the Internet?
According to a CNN transcript of an interview with Wolf Blitzer, Al Gore said,"During my service in the United States Congress, I took the initiative in creating the Internet." Al Gore was not yet in Congress in 1969 when ARPANET started or in 1974 when the term Internet first came into use. Gore was elected to Congress in 1976. In fairness, Bob Kahn and Vint Cerf acknowledge in a paper titled Al Gore and the Internet that Gore has probably done more than any other elected official to support the growth and development of the Internet from the 1970's to the present .
E-mail was adapted for ARPANET by Ray Tomlinson of BBN in 1972.
 |
| Ray Tomlinson |
Libraries began automating and networking their catalogs in the late 1960s independent from ARPA. The visionary Frederick G. Kilgour of the Ohio College Library Center (now OCLC, Inc.) led networking of Ohio libraries during the '60s and '70s. In the mid 1970s more regional consortia from New England, the Southwest states, and the Middle Atlantic states, etc., joined with Ohio to form a national, later international, network. Automated catalogs, not very user-friendly at first, became available to the world, first through telnet or the awkward IBM variant TN3270 and only many years later, through the web. See The History of OCLC
Ethernet, a protocol for many local networks, appeared in 1974, an outgrowth of Harvard student Bob Metcalfe's dissertation on "Packet Networks." The dissertation was initially rejected by the University for not being analytical enough. It later won acceptance when he added some more equations to it.
The Internet matured in the 70's as a result of the TCP/IP architecture first proposed by Bob Kahn at BBN and further developed by Kahn and Vint Cerf at Stanford and others throughout the 70's. It was adopted by the Defense Department in 1980 replacing the earlier Network Control Protocol (NCP) and universally adopted by 1983.
The Unix to Unix Copy Protocol (UUCP) was invented in 1978 at Bell Labs. Usenet was started in 1979 based on UUCP. Newsgroups, which are discussion groups focusing on a topic, followed, providing a means of exchanging information throughout the world . While Usenet is not considered as part of the Internet, since it does not share the use of TCP/IP, it linked unix systems around the world, and many Internet sites took advantage of the availability of newsgroups. It was a significant part of the community building that took place on the networks.
Similarly, BITNET (Because It's Time Network) connected IBM mainframes around the educational community and the world to provide mail services beginning in 1981. Listserv software was developed for this network and later others. Gateways were developed to connect BITNET with the Internet and allowed exchange of e-mail, particularly for e-mail discussion lists. These listservs and other forms of e-mail discussion lists formed another major element in the community building that was taking place.
As the commands for e-mail, FTP, and telnet were standardized, it became a lot easier for non-technical people to learn to use the nets. It was not easy by today's standards by any means, but it did open up use of the Internet to many more people in universities in particular. Other departments besides the libraries, computer, physics, and engineering departments found ways to make good use of the nets--to communicate with colleagues around the world and to share files and resources.
While the number of sites on the Internet was small, it was fairly easy to keep track of the resources of interest that were available. But as more and more universities and organizations--and their libraries-- connected, the Internet became harder and harder to track. There was more and more need for tools to index the resources that were available.
The first effort, other than library catalogs, to index the Internet was created in 1989, as Peter Deutsch and his crew at McGill University in Montreal, created an archiver for ftp sites, which they named Archie. This software would periodically reach out to all known openly available ftp sites, list their files, and build a searchable index of the software. The commands to search Archie were unix commands, and it took some knowledge of unix to use it to its full capability.
 |
| McGill University |
At about the same time, Brewster Kahle, then at Thinking Machines, Corp. developed his Wide Area Information Server (WAIS), which would index the full text of files in a database and allow searches of the files. There were several versions with varying degrees of complexity and capability developed, but the simplest of these were made available to everyone on the nets. At its peak, Thinking Machines maintained pointers to over 600 databases around the world which had been indexed by WAIS. They included such things as the full set of Usenet Frequently Asked Questions files, the full documentation of working papers such as RFC's by those developing the Internet's standards, and much more. Like Archie, its interface was far from intuitive, and it took some effort to learn to use it well.
 |
| Peter Scott |
In 1991, the first really friendly interface to the Internet was developed at the University of Minnesota. The University wanted to develop a simple menu system to access files and information on campus through their local network. A debate followed between mainframe adherents and those who believed in smaller systems with client-server architecture. The mainframe adherents "won" the debate initially, but since the client-server advocates said they could put up a prototype very quickly, they were given the go-ahead to do a demonstration system. The demonstration system was called a gopher after the U of Minnesota mascot--the golden gopher. The gopher proved to be very prolific, and within a few years there were over 10,000 gophers around the world. It takes no knowledge of unix or computer architecture to use. In a gopher system, you type or click on a number to select the menu selection you want.
Gopher's usability was enhanced much more when the University of Nevada at Reno developed the VERONICA searchable index of gopher menus. It was purported to be an acronym for Very Easy Rodent-Oriented Netwide Index to Computerized Archives. A spider crawled gopher menus around the world, collecting links and retrieving them for the index. It was so popular that it was very hard to connect to, even though a number of other VERONICA sites were developed to ease the load. Similar indexing software was developed for single sites, called JUGHEAD (Jonzy's Universal Gopher Hierarchy Excavation And Display).
 |
| Peter Deutsch |
Peter Deutsch, who developed Archie, always insisted that Archie was short for Archiver, and had nothing to do with the comic strip. He was disgusted when VERONICA and JUGHEAD appeared.
In 1989 another significant event took place in making the nets easier to use. Tim Berners-Lee and others at the European Laboratory for Particle Physics, more
 |
| CERN |
Marc AndreessenThe development in 1993 of the graphical browser Mosaic by Marc Andreessen and his team at the National Center For Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) gave the protocol its big boost. Later, Andreessen moved to become the brains behind Netscape Corp., which produced the most successful graphical type of browser and server until Microsoft declared war and developed its MicroSoft Internet Explorer.
MICHAEL DERTOUZOS1936-2001
The early days of the web was a confused period as many developers tried to put their personal stamp on ways the web should develop. The web was threatened with becoming a mass of unrelated protocols that would require different software for different applications. The visionary Michael Dertouzos of MIT's Laboratory for Computer Sciences persuaded Tim Berners-Lee and others to form the World Wide Web Consortium in 1994 to promote and develop standards for the Web. Proprietary plug-ins still abound for the web, but the Consortium has ensured that there are common standards present in every browser.
Since the Internet was initially funded by the government, it was originally limited to research, education, and government uses. Commercial uses were prohibited unless they directly served the goals of research and education. This policy continued until the early 90's, when independent commercial networks began to grow. It then became possible to route traffic across the country from one commercial site to another without passing through the government funded NSFNet Internet backbone.
Delphi was the first national commercial online service to offer Internet access to its subscribers. It opened up an email connection in July 1992 and full Internet service in November 1992. All pretenses of limitations on commercial use disappeared in May 1995 when the National Science Foundation ended its sponsorship of the Internet backbone, and all traffic relied on commercial networks. AOL, Prodigy, and CompuServe came online. Since commercial usage was so widespread by this time and educational institutions had been paying their own way for some time, the loss of NSF funding had no appreciable effect on costs.
Today, NSF funding has moved beyond supporting the backbone and higher educational institutions to building the K-12 and local public library accesses on the one hand, and the research on the massive high volume connections on the other.
 |
| Bill Gates |
During this period of enormous growth, businesses entering the Internet arena scrambled to find economic models that work. Free services supported by advertising shifted some of the direct costs away from the consumer--temporarily. Services such as Delphi offered free web pages, chat rooms, and message boards for community building. Online sales have grown rapidly for such products as books and music CDs and computers, but the profit margins are slim when price comparisons are so easy, and public trust in online security is still shaky. Business models that have worked well are portal sites, that try to provide everything for everybody, and live auctions. AOL's acquisition of Time-Warner was the largest merger in history when it took place and shows the enormous growth of Internet business! The stock market has had a rocky ride, swooping up and down as the new technology companies, the dot.com's encountered good news and bad. The decline in advertising income spelled doom for many dot.coms, and a major shakeout and search for better business models took place by the survivors.
A current trend with major implications for the future is the growth of high speed connections. 56K modems and the providers who supported them spread widely for a while, but this is the low end now. 56K is not fast enough to carry multimedia, such as sound and video except in low quality. But new technologies many times faster, such as cablemodems and digital subscriber lines (DSL) are predominant now.
Wireless has grown rapidly in the past few years, and travellers search for the wi-fi "hot spots" where they can connect while they are away from the home or office. Many airports, coffee bars, hotels and motels now routinely provide these services, some for a fee and some for free.
A next big growth area is the surge towards universal wireless access, where almost everywhere is a "hot spot". Municipal wi-fi or city-wide access, wiMAX offering broader ranges than wi-fi, EV-DO, 4g, and other formats will joust for dominance in the USA in the years ahead. The battle is both economic and political.
Another trend that is rapidly affecting web designers is the growth of smaller devices to connect to the Internet. Small tablets, pocket PCs, smart phones, ebooks, game machines, and even GPS devices are now capable of tapping into the web on the go, and many web pages are not designed to work on that scale.
As the Internet has become ubiquitous, faster, and increasingly accessible to non-technical communities, social networking and collaborative services have grown rapidly, enabling people to communicate and share interests in many more ways. Sites like Facebook, Twitter, Linked-In, YouTube, Flickr, Second Life, delicious, blogs, wikis, and many more let people of all ages rapidly share their interests of the moment with others everywhere.
As Heraclitus said in the 4th century BC,
"Nothing is permanent, but change!"
May you live in interesting times! (ostensibly an ancient Chinese curse)
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